Answer:
Antigens, and epitopes.
Explanation:
Antigen is known as a substances which is capable of the causes an immune response in the body, and specifically activating white blood cells which are known as body's infection fighting cells. In general antigens are two types:
1) Foreign antigens or heteroantigens.
2) Auto-antigens or self antigens.
Epitopes are the part of an antigen which is recognized with the help of immune system, specifically by B cells, T cells, and antibodies. They are also called as antigenic determinants. The epitope is defined as the specific part of the antigen where an antibody binds.
Answer:
Well several things, during sexual reproduction, by which DNA is passed from one generation of cells to the next. Also, bacteria use double-stranded DNA as their genetic material. So therefore there are 3 ways that genetic information is exchanged:
Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction.
In conjugation, DNA passes through an extension on the surface of one bacterium and travels to another bacterium (Figure below). Bacteria essential exchange DNA via conjugation. In transformation, bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from their environment. In transduction, viruses that infect bacteria carry DNA from one bacterium to another.
Answer:
Option (a), (b), (c) and (d).
Explanation:
Cytokinesis may be defined as the process by which the cytoplasm of the cell is divided into the two daughter cell. This process is quite similar to the process of binary fission of prokaryotes.
The cytokinesis follows after the telophase stage. The cytoplasm with the organelles are divided into the daughter cells from the parent cell. This process is proceeded with the formation of the cleavge furrow in the animals ans divides into daughter cells.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a), (b), (c) and (d).
