Fish poop.
Tropical white beaches get their pearly white color from the excrement of fish far off of the coast which eat coral and other things that reside on the ocean floor. When they eat they swallow some sand into their mouths as well, and process it with the food they just ate. Their stomachs can't really digest the sand, tiny minute rocks essentially, and thus turn their color white. Or the rock forming the sand can be naturally pigmented a whitish tone as well.
I would say true. I say this because there have been times where scientists find out that there are better ways of performing experiments, or found that certain materials work better for certain tasks. (Especially true in medicinal fields!)
Anemia is a medical condition in which there is a decrease int the total amount of red blood cells in the blood and it always results in lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Vitamin B12 is needed to make red blood cells and lack of Vitamin B12 can lead to aneamia. So, the vitamin that is most associated with aneamia condition is VITAMIN B12.