Earth's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth. The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at {\displaystyle 47\pm 2} terawatts (TW)[1] and comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts: the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth.[2]
Earth's internal heat powers most geological processes[3] and drives plate tectonics.[2]Despite its geological significance, this heat energy coming from Earth's interior is actually only 0.03% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation.[4] The insolation that eventually, after reflection, reaches the surface penetrates only several tens of centimeters on the daily cycle and only several tens of meters on the annual cycle. This renders solar radiation minimally relevant for internal processes.[
An ionic compound consists of a metal AND a non-metal.
<em>Option A:</em>
Oxygen and fluorine are non-metals.
<em>Option B:</em>
Sodium and aluminium are non-metals.
<em>Option C:</em>
Calcium is a metal and chlorine is a non-metal.
<em>Option D:</em>
Nitrogen and sulfur are non-metals.
Thus, the answer is C.
Answer:
The volume of air at where the pressure and temperature are 52 kPa, -5.0 ºC is
.
Explanation:
The combined gas equation is,
![\frac{P_1V_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_2V_2}{T_2}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cfrac%7BP_1V_1%7D%7BT_1%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7BP_2V_2%7D%7BT_2%7D)
where,
= initial pressure of gas = 104 kPa
= final pressure of gas = 52 kPa
= initial volume of gas = ![2.0m^3](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=2.0m%5E3)
= final volume of gas = ?
= initial temperature of gas = ![21.1^oC=273+21.1=294.1K](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=21.1%5EoC%3D273%2B21.1%3D294.1K)
= final temperature of gas = ![-5.0^oC=273+(-5.0)=268 K](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=-5.0%5EoC%3D273%2B%28-5.0%29%3D268%20K)
Now put all the given values in the above equation, we get:
![\frac{104 kPa\times 2.0m^3}{294.1 K}=\frac{52 kPa\times V_2}{268 K}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cfrac%7B104%20kPa%5Ctimes%202.0m%5E3%7D%7B294.1%20K%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B52%20kPa%5Ctimes%20V_2%7D%7B268%20K%7D)
![V_2=3.64 m^3](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=V_2%3D3.64%20m%5E3)
The volume of air at where the pressure and temperature are 52 kPa, -5.0 ºC is
.
B. Flourine
Flourine has one of the highest ionization energies because it is so close to getting a full octet with eight atoms. It doesn't want to lose but rather gain an atom. On the periodic table, ionization energy increases as you head towards the top and to the right.