Answer:  This answer is for all the questions: Chargaff's rules state that DNA from any species of any organism should have a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases (i.e., A+G=T+C) and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to thymine. 
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Answer:
Lower gravitational force due to lower mass.
Explanation:
Mars has lower gravitational force than Earth because of its lower size because mass has a direct effect on gravitational force of an object. Earth has mass of 5.972 × 10^24 kg which is 10 times greater than mass of Mars which is 6.4171 x 10^23 kg. So due to earth's more mass, it has more gravitational force than planet Mars which has lower mass than earth.
 
        
             
        
        
        
It might have made the egg into a solid. Maaybe like a boiled egg.
        
                    
             
        
        
        
The answer would be all of the above.
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer:
<em>They differ from both parents and also from each other. This occurs through a number of mechanisms, including crossing-over, the independent assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I, and random fertilization. When homologous chromosomes form pairs during prophase I of meiosis I, crossing-over can occur.</em>
Explanation:
<h3>I hope this helps!!</h3>