Post-communist reforms in many Central European countries, particularly Romania and Bulgaria, have been hampered by the persistence of corruption and organized crime.
Post-communist reforms:
The WIDER group evaluated the four fundamental pillars of a successful transition in Eastern Europe—stabilization, price liberalization, privatization, and restructuring—in their prior report, Post-communist Reform in Eastern Europe. This elite group of economists has been actively participating in the reform process for the past three years. In this new research, they take stock, revisit the key ideas, and evaluate the state of play, notably in Russia.
The major Central European nations were stabilized mostly according to plan. In contrast, Russia is moving along a path of a reorganization rather than stabilization. The writers discuss the potential success of this alternate approach. Regarding privatization, they point out that earlier strategies were based on the supposition that the resources belonged to the government. as sluggish development.
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You have to be 18 years old.
Answer:
D) Since there are economic and political indicators that predict a strong and growing economy, the dollar will tend to appreciate as demand for the currency increases.
Explanation:
Under the conditions described in the excerpt, the United States economy would be expected to grow in the term of the new president, since the president wants to decrease tariffs, and tariffs are harmful for the overall economy.
This enviroment of strong economy would increase the demand for U.S. dollar, increasing its value against other curriences (the dollar will tend to appreciate).
Finally, a more expensive dollar and lower tariffs will encourage imports to the U.S., something that will benefit American customers.
According to b. f. skinner, a behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is more likely to recur, whereas a behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur.
Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning, is a type of learning that is frequently credited to B.F. Skinner in which the likelihood that a response would be repeated depends on its effects.
Through operant conditioning, actions that are reinforced (rewarded) are more likely to be repeated, whereas actions that are punished are less likely to happen. Skinner's views were slightly less extreme than those of Watson (1913). Skinner believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events.
The work of Skinner was rooted in a view that classical conditioning was far too simplistic to be a complete explanation of complex human behavior. He believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning.
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