The marginal cost is how much it costs to produce one item more. It cost 0$ to produce 0 bikes but if you make one, then it costs 80$. Hence the marginal cost for the first bike is 80$. For the fourth bike, we have that the 3 bikes cost 110$ and the 4 bikes cost 130$. Hence it costs 20$ dollars to produce one more bike (from 3rd to 4th) and hence the marginal cost is 20$. Similarly for the 6th bike, we compare the cost of producing 5 bikes to the cost of producing 6 bikes and we get that the marginal cost is 50$. Applying the same methodology, the marginal cost for the 7th bike is 60$.
The United States and the Soviet Union
Analyzing this example using a Gestalt perceptual principle, the noisy environment is an example of ground and his teacher's voice is an example of figure.
<h3>Ground and figure in Gestalt principle</h3>
According to the Gestalt perceptual principle, we can select what to focus on in a way that makes it seem that things, people, or other stimuli are in the background or in the foreground.
In the case described in the question, William is focusing on the teacher's voice, which means he perceives it as the figure or the foreground. On the other hand, William is tuning out the noisy environment, which means he perceives it as the background or simply ground.
Learn more about Gestalt here:
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The first European settlement was established by Christopher Columbus and his men: on Hispaniola (today's Haiti): La Navidad, in 1492.
It was abandoned next year, but other settlements on Hispaniola took over (and they were earlier than the other options).