Answer: Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. Gene duplication, mutation, or other processes can produce new genes and alleles and increase genetic variation. New genetic variation can be created within generations in a population, so a population with rapid reproduction rates will probably have high genetic variation. And there are the reasons.
Explanation:
<u>in the stroma</u>
Photosynthesis produces glucose and O2 from inorganic CO2, light energy and water.
6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Further Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a chemical pathway that’s integral to producing energy in plants and other primary producers. Energy in the form of molecules of glucose is produced from light, water and carbon dioxide while oxygen is released. This occurs in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside.
Occuring in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. Water supplies the chlorophyll in plant cell with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II.
Additionally,
- water (H2O) split by light during photolysis into H+ and OH- acts as a source of oxygen along with functioning as a reducing agent; it reduces the molecule NADP to NADPH by providing H+ ions and produces molecules of the energy storage molecule ATP through an electron transport chain.
- This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside.
- Later, in dark reactions, NADP and NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules in the stroma. These store energy in their bonds, which can be released in respiration in the mitochondria.
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Answer:
In nature, populations are usually evolving. The grass in an open meadow, the wolves in a forest, and even the bacteria in a person's body are all natural populations. And all of these populations are likely to be evolving for at least some of their genes. Evolution is happening right here, right now!
To be clear, that doesn't mean these populations are marching towards some final state of perfection. All evolution means is that a population is changing in its genetic makeup over generations. And the changes may be subtle—for instance, in a wolf population, there might be a shift in the frequency of a gene variant for black rather than gray fur. Sometimes, this type of change is due to natural selection. Other times, it comes from migration of new organisms into the population, or from random events—the evolutionary "luck of the draw."
I hope this helps a little bit.
Specific chemicals are bound by carrier proteins and transferred on one side of the membrane. The conformational changes they go through next enable the molecule to cross the membrane and exit on the other side.
How carrier protein facilitate the diffusion?
When a molecule diffuses, it usually moves from a high concentration location to a low concentration area until the concentration is the same everywhere in the space.
Contrary to channel proteins, another form of membrane transport protein that is less selective in the molecules it transports, carriers are proteins that move a particular material through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, or across cells. Carrier proteins are found in lipid bilayer cell structures such cell membranes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, just like other membrane transport proteins.
Therefore, carrier proteins can facilitate the diffusion of glucose or other substances into the cell.
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