Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone.
Answer:
मैं इसे थोड़ा कुछ हटके तुम्हें बता रही हूं फूड चेन में क्या होता है कि ना जैसे इसमें तुमने फूड वेब के बारे में पूछा है मैं तुम्हें फूड चेन के बारे में बता रही हूं यह इकोसिस्टम का ही एक पाठ होता है तू ट्रेन में जैसे बेस्ट एग्जांपल है कि घास घास खाता है ग्रास है पर को फ्रॉक खाता है फ्रॉक को उसने खाता में कोई गर्ल खाता है जल के बाद वह जो भी चीज खाता है ना तो वह सब चीजें नाड़ी कंपोज हो जाती हैं पूर्व में क्या होता है इंटरकनेक्शन रहता है कुछ चीजों में और जो तुमने डायग्राम भेजा है वह डायग्राम एनसीईआरटी बुक में है क्लास 8 की तो यू कैन डू फॉर द डायग्राम एंड और उसे देखने के बाद अच्छा लगे तो follow us
<span>Rhabdomyolysis constitutes a common cause of acute renal failure and presents paramount interest. A large variety of causes with different pathogenetic mechanisms can involve skeletal muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis with or without acute renal failure. Crush syndrome, one of the most common causes of rhabdomyolysis presents increased clinical interest, particularly in areas often involved by earthquakes, such as Greece and Turkey. Drug abusers are another sensitive group of young patients prone to rhabdomyolysis, which attracts the clinical interest of a variety of medical specialties.
We herein review the evidence extracted from updated literature concerning the data related to pathogenetic mechanisms and pathophysiology as well as the management of this interesting syndrome.
Keywords: Rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, myoglobin, crush syndrome
The first case of the crush syndrome, which constitutes one of the main causes of rhabdomyolysis, was reported in Sicily in 1908, after an earthquake1,2. In 1930, in the Baltic area, an epidemic of myoglobinuria was observed due to consumption of contaminated fish. Interest in rhabdomyolysis and crash syndrome was stimulated during the World War II particularly after the bombing in London, where the victims developed acute renal failure and myoglobinuria1.
Rhabdomyolysis is a rupture (lysis) of skeletal muscles due to drugs, toxins, inherited disorders, infections, trauma and compression3. Lysis of muscle cells releases toxic intracellular components in the systemic circulation which leads to electrolyte disturbances, hypovolemia, metabolic acidocis, coagulation defects and acute renal failure due to myoglobin4.
The skeletal muscle consists of cylindrical myofibrils, which contain variant structural and contraction proteins. Actin and myosin, arranged in thin and thick filaments respectively, form the repeated functional units of contraction, the sarcomeres5. The sarcoplasmic reticulum constitutes an important cellular calcium storage. It is structurally connected to the t-tubules, that are formed by invaginations of the muscle cell plasma membrane, the sarcelemma, around every fibril (Figure 1). After the sarcelemma depolarization, the stimulation arrives, through the t-tubules junctions, at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inducing the calcium ions release and triggering muscle contraction6.</span>
ANSWER:
Cytokines, Chemokines, Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells are all involved
EXPLANATION:
On the incidence of Streptococcus, the immune system activates a complex response that relies basically on the instatement and activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
These activities will only occur on the activation of innate immune responses through workout between pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with streptococcus derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
Moreso, cytokines and chemokines (well known are IL-1β and CXCL1 respectively) produced by macrophages and dendritic cells on exposure to Streptococcus, elicits neutrophil.
Neutrophils then produces antimicrobial proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sometimes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), all these for the bacterial infection control.
