Answer:
b. Egypt and c. Syria
Explanation:
Egypt and Syria have been directly involved with the three major Arab-Israeli wars.
The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi.
For Dictatorship, the second answer is incomplete, a dictator may obtain power not only through elections but by a military or institutional coup d'état, a civil war or a military intervention by a foreign power.
In a republic, power is held by those citizens that are able and government is a public matter (res publica in latin) to vote and the power comes from their vote during elections.
Because they reflect historians points of view most important events. Hope this helped <3
