Answer:
Explanation:
HCl is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. To begin with, water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) combine within the parietal cell cytoplasm to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is catalysed by carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic acid then spontaneously dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3–).
The hydrogen ion that is formed is transported into the stomach lumen via the H+– K+ ATPase ion pump. This pump uses ATP as an energy source to exchange potassium ions into the parietal cells of the stomach with H+ ions.
The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer works in a fashion similar to phosphate buffers. The bicarbonate is regulated in the blood by sodium, as are the phosphate ions. When sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), comes into contact with a strong acid, such as HCl, carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is a weak acid, and NaCl are formed. When carbonic acid comes into contact with a strong base, such as NaOH, bicarbonate and water are formed.
The bicarbonate ion is transported out of the cell into the blood via a transporter protein called anion exchanger which transports the bicarbonate ion out the cell in exchange for a chloride ion (Cl–). This chloride ion is then transported into the stomach lumen via a chloride channel.The respiratory system contributes to the balance of acids and bases in the body by regulating the blood levels of carbonic acid
Chloride ions are important in neutralizing positive ion charges in the body. If chloride is lost, the body uses bicarbonate ions in place of the lost chloride ions. Thus, lost chloride results in an increased reabsorption of bicarbonate by the renal system.
Answer:
A. UUA AAG GCU UAC CCU
Explanation:
Transcription is the first process of Gene expression, which involves the synthesizing of a mRNA molecule from a DNA strand. This process (transcription) which is carried out or catalyzed by an enzyme called RNA polymerase, uses the complementary base pairing rule to synthesize nucleotides.
The complementary base pairing rule as proposed by Chargaff states that Adenine base (A) should bond with Thymine base (T). Likewise for Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C). Hence, in a DNA strand with sequence: AAT TTC CGA ATG GGA, the following RNA will result:
UUA AAG GCU UAC CCU.
Note that, Uracil base replaced Thymine base in the mRNA molecule.
Since; A-U and G-C
AAT TTC CGA ATG GGA ---------- DNA
UUA AAG GCU UAC CCU --------- RNA
The water goes to wherever the higher percentage of solute is
