covalent bonds can form between two nonmetal atoms
covalent bonds can form between atoms of the same element
covalent bonds can form between atoms of different elements
Answer:
Explanation:
The solution contain 0.01 M concentration of Ba²⁺
0.01M concentration of Ca²⁺
Ksp ( solubility constant) for BaSO₄ = 1.07 × 10⁻¹⁰
Ksp for CaSO₄ = 7.10 × 10⁻⁵
(BaSO₄) = (Ba²⁺) (SO₄²⁻)
1.07 × 10⁻¹⁰ = 0.01 M (SO₄²⁻)
1.07 × 10⁻¹⁰ / 0.01 = ( SO₄²⁻)
1.07 × 10⁻⁸ M = ( SO₄²⁻)
so the minimum of concentration of concentration sulfate needed is 1.07 × 10⁻⁸ M
For CaSO₄
CaSO₄ = ( Ca²⁺) ( SO₄²⁻)
7.10 × 10⁻⁵ = 0.01 (SO₄²⁻)
(SO₄²⁻) = 7.10 × 10⁻⁵ / 0.01 = 7.10 × 10⁻³ M
so BaSO₄ will precipitate first since its cation (0.01 M Ba²⁺) required a less concentration of SO₄²⁻ (1.07 × 10⁻⁸ M ) compared to CaSO₄
b) The minimum concentration of SO₄²⁻ that will trigger the precipitation of the cation ( 0.01 M Ba²⁺) that precipitates first is 1.07 × 10⁻⁸ M
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