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2 years ago

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Pedro sells wooden children's furniture at a crafts market.He charges $65 for a chair.The materials for a chair cost $45 and the

re is a $75 fee for a booth at the market.How many chairs must he sell to make a profit?

1 answer:

DerKrebs [107]2 years ago

8 0

The answer is 4. Let's analyze that question. Firstly, it costs 75 dollars for a booth at the market. This fee is a one time fee. The materials for each chair is 45 dollars, meaning that the price that he's selling it for leaves 20 dollars ( 65 dollars, selling price - 45 dollars, materials price). So, he makes 20 dollars from each chair. However, we still have to pay off the fee. So, we must find how many times we need to multiply 20 dollars until it matches or cancels out the fee (75 dollars). That would be 20 * 4 = 80.

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Let's start from what we know.

$(1)\qquad\sum\limits_{k=1}^n1=\underbrace{1+1+\ldots+1}_{n}=n\cdot 1=n\\\\\\
(2)\qquad\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk=1+2+3+\ldots+n=\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\quad\text{(arithmetic series)}\\\\\\
(3)\qquad\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\ \textgreater \ 0\quad\implies\quad\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\right|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

Note that:

$\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2=(-1)^1\cdot1^2+(-1)^2\cdot2^2+(-1)^3\cdot3^2+\dots+(-1)^n\cdot n^2=\\\\\\=-1^2+2^2-3^2+4^2-5^2+\dots\pm n^2$

(sign of last term will be + when n is even and - when n is odd).
Sum is finite so we can split it into two sums, first $S_n^+$ with only positive trems (squares of even numbers) and second $S_n^-$ with negative (squares of odd numbers). So:

$\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2=S_n^+-S_n^-$

And now the proof.

1) n is even.

In this case, both $S_n^+$ and $S_n^-$ have $\dfrac{n}{2}$ terms. For example if n=8 then:

$S_8^+=\underbrace{2^2+4^2+6^2+8^2}_{\frac{8}{2}=4}\qquad\text{(even numbers)}\\\\\\
S_8^-=\underbrace{1^2+3^2+5^2+7^2}_{\frac{8}{2}=4}\qquad\text{(odd numbers)}\\\\\\$

Generally, there will be:

$S_n^+=\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k)^2\\\\\\S_n^-=\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k-1)^2\\\\\\$

Now, calculate our sum:

$\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\left|S_n^+-S_n^-\right|=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k)^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k-1)^2\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}4k^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}\left(4k^2-4k+1\right)\right|=\\\\\\$

$=\left|4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k^2-4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k^2+4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}1\right|=\left|4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}1\right|\stackrel{(1),(2)}{=}\\\\\\=
\left|4\dfrac{\frac{n}{2}(\frac{n}{2}+1)}{2}-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|2\cdot\dfrac{n}{2}\left(\dfrac{n}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|n\left(\dfrac{n}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\\\\\\
$

$=\left|\dfrac{n^2}{2}+n-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n^2}{2}+\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n^2+n}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|\stackrel{(2)}{=}\\\\\\\stackrel{(2)}{=}
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\right|\stackrel{(3)}{=}\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

So in this case we prove, that:

$\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

2) n is odd.

Here, $S_n^-$ has more terms than $S_n^+$ . For example if n=7 then:

$S_7^-=\underbrace{1^2+3^2+5^2+7^2}_{\frac{n+1}{2}=\frac{7+1}{2}=4}\\\\\\
S_7^+=\underbrace{2^2+4^4+6^2}_{\frac{n+1}{2}-1=\frac{7+1}{2}-1=3}\\\\\\$

So there is $\dfrac{n+1}{2}$ terms in $S_n^-$ , $\dfrac{n+1}{2}-1$ terms in $S_n^+$ and:

$S_n^+=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}-1}(2k)^2\\\\\\
S_n^-=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}(2k-1)^2$

Now, we can calculate our sum:

$\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\left|S_n^+-S_n^-\right|=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}-1}(2k)^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}(2k-1)^2\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}-1}4k^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}\left(4k^2-4k+1\right)\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n-1}{2}-1}4k^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}4k^2+\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}4k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}1\right|=\\\\\\$

$=\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n-1}{2}-1}4k^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}-1}4k^2-4\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right)^2+\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}4k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}1\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-4\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right)^2+4\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}1\right|\stackrel{(1),(2)}{=}\\\\\\
\stackrel{(1),(2)}{=}\left|-4\dfrac{n^2+2n+1}{4}+4\dfrac{\frac{n+1}{2}\left(\frac{n+1}{2}+1\right)}{2}-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\$

$=\left|-n^2-2n-1+2\cdot\dfrac{n+1}{2}\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-n^2-2n-1+(n+1)\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-n^2-2n-1+\dfrac{(n+1)^2}{2}+n+1-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-n^2-n+\dfrac{n^2+2n+1}{2}-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-n^2-n+\dfrac{n^2}{2}+n+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{n}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2}\right|=\left|-\dfrac{n^2}{2}-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|-\dfrac{n^2+n}{2}\right|=\\\\\\$

$=\left|-\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|=|-1|\cdot\left|\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|\stackrel{(2)}{=}\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\right|\stackrel{(3)}{=}\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

We consider all possible n so we prove that:

$\forall_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\quad\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

7 0

2 years ago