In 1980<span>, the American Psychiatric Association added PTSD to the third edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders nosologic classification scheme. </span>
The answer is: B. <span>negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
Negative reinforcer refers to the type of stimulus that act as a punishment that discourage an individual from making a certain response/action.
Positive reinforcer on the other hand is a type of stimulus that act as a reward that encourage an individual to do a certain action.</span>
All recorded transmissions become part of the official record of an incident and may be made public under open records laws or <u>freedom of information act (FOIA)</u> requests.
<h3><u>The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): what is it?</u></h3>
Since 1967, the public has had the option to ask for access to any federal agency's documents thanks to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). It is frequently referred to as the law that keeps people informed about their government.
Any information requested under the FOIA must be provided by federal agencies unless it is exempted under one of nine categories that safeguard interests including individual privacy, national security, or law enforcement.
The FOIA also mandates that agencies proactively disclose certain kinds of material online, including records that are commonly requested. The FOIA is an essential component of our democracy, as acknowledged by the President, the Supreme Court, and Congress.
Learn more about the freedom of information act (FOIA) with the help of the given link:
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Answer:
clinical psychologists
Explanation:
The main job of clinical psychologists is to implement all latest scientific knowledge and integrate them to their field, so they can have better understanding on how individuals behave a certain way.
Their patients are individuals who experience some sort of dysfunction in their emotion and the way they perceive the world.
In general, such problems can be caused by either biological factors (such as hormones and genetics) , psychological factors (the patient's psychological well being) or environmental factors (the people and culture surrounding the individuals). Clinical pyshchologist need to be able to make assessment regardsing which one is the cause of the problems and develop the most approprirate treatment to address it.
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development was unique because It described the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.
<h3><u>How Erikson's theory was different from Freud's?</u></h3>
- It emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature.
- Erikson recognized the importance of the unconscious on development. He also believed that personality develops in a series of predetermined stages
- It provides a holistic view of development throughout the entire lifespan
- Erikson's theory postulates that people advance through the stages of development based on how they adjust to social crises throughout their lives. These social crises instruct how individuals react to the surrounding world.
- Erikson's best-known work is his theory that each stage of life is associated with a specific psychological struggle, a struggle that contributes to a major aspect of personality.
The above pointers highlights the uniqueness of Erik Erikson theory from Freud's.
To know more about Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, check the links.
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