Answer:
A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community, which causes human, material, economic and environmental losses beyond a community's ability to cope. Disaster management aims to lessen the impacts of disasters, minimizing losses of life and property.
Earth can be considered as a closed system, since it only receives sunlight (energy), while the overall mass stays constant, without (almost) any exchange from space. Another example of a closed system is a saucepan or frying pan, on a stove, when its lid is closed.
The answer would be "A", it did not allow states to collect taxes.
