Creationists criticize the idea of natural selection as a circular argument, or tautology, claiming "the fittest are those that survive, and survival is how fitness is defined. "
The definition of natural selection is not tautological because natural selection is measured by contribution to the next generation, not simply survival of an individual organism.
Tautologies or circular arguments are true at all times and therefore are not productive as theories since they cannot be disproved. A tautology is a statement which is true by necessity.
Natural selection is the prevalent theory which explains biological change by predicting the mechanism behind evolution.
Nevertheless, natural selection can be explained non-tautologically. It should be described as the theory which tries to speculate as well as retrodict evolutionary change by environmental forces affecting the organisms.
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<span>Primitive, single-celled life forms without organized nuclei are termed PROKARYOTES.</span>
Answer:
The correct option is B. Activation energy
Explanation:
The activation energy is usually used to designate the minimum energy necessary for a given chemical reaction to occur, that is, the basic requirement for the reaction to proceed.
For a reaction to occur between two molecules, they must collide in the correct orientation and have a minimum amount of energy. As the molecules approach, their electron clouds are rejected. This requires energy (activation energy) and comes from the heat of the system, that, is, from translational, vibrational energy, etc of each molecule. If the energy is sufficient, the repulsion is overcome and the molecules are close enough for a rearrangement of the bonds of the molecules.
The concept of Activation energy was introduced by Arrhenius in 1889. Arrhenius suggested that molecules must prossess a minimum amount of energy to react. That energy comes from the kinetic energy of the clliding molecules. Kinetic energy serves to cause reactions, but if the molecules move very slowly, the molecules will only bounce when they collide with other molecules and the reaction does not happen. In order for the molecules to react, they must have a total kinetic energy that is equal to or greater than a certain minimum value of energy called activation energy.
Viruses depend on the host cells that they infect to reproduce. When found outside of host cells, viruses exist as a protein coat etc.
true.
