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The five processes in the nitrogen cycle – fixation, uptake, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification – are all driven by microorganisms.
1. A transgenic organism expresses DNA that has been derived from another species. These organisms have altered genomes and are generated in the laboratory for the purposes of research, for example, the "knock-out" mice are tansgenic mice with a particular gene of interest disabled.
2. Recombinant DNA is the DNA that has been altered to contain genes, or portions of genes, from different organisms. The DNA molecules are formed in the lab using recombination methods to bring together genetic material from multiple sources and therefore creating sequences that are not found in the genome.
3. Restriction enzymes are found naturally in bacteria and they cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. These enzymes are also called restriction endonucleases, they cleave DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites called restriction sites. They are found in bacteria and archaea and they serve to provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses.
4. Biotechnology is the use or alteration of organisms, cells, or biological molecules to produce food, drugs, or other goods. Living systems and organisms are used to make or develop products. Biotechnology enhances cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and product for the purposes of improving life and health.
5. Polymerase chain reaction is a technique that is used to quickly synthesize billions of copiies of a specific segment of DNA. It is a quick and a very efficient way to generate many copies of DNA. The process is applicable when there are small quantities of DNA to analyze. The events of PCR involves; separation of DNA strands, addition of primers, use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA.
6. In the process known as transformation, bacteria take up pieces of DNA from the surroundings. Bacterial transformation results from the uptake of naked DNA (DNA without associated cells or proteins). Transformation may also occur naturally in some species of bacteria.
<span>RBCs are smaller than dust mites and larger than E. coli.</span>
Answer:
1) Skull and Vertebral column
2) Meninges
3) Cerebrospinal fluid.
Explanation:
Central Nervous system:
CNS is the abbreviation of Central Nervous system. CNS controls the whole body functions so it is the most important component of the body. CNS consist of two parts 1) Brain and 2) Spinal cord
Both of these organs are very important and hence need to be protected. Nature provided these organs with certain protective mechanisms these includes
1) Skull and Vertebral column:
Skull is present around brain and vertebral column is present around spinal cord. These structure provides mechanical support to soft parts of CNS.
2) Meninges:
These are the membranes that provide antiseptic environment to the brain and hence protect it from microbes and other harmful substances.
3) Cerebrospinal fluid:
This fluid is present inside meninges which nourishes the brain and protect it from mechanical stresses.
Primary succession can occur in essentially lifeless areas or regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava, sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier.
