In a centralized organization, <u>few people</u> make all the important decisions.
<h3>What is a centralized organization?</h3>
A centralized organization is an organization of people in which the few people holding the position of higher authority of the hierarchy make and take decision.
Decisions are made by a small group of people elected in a centralized organization and then communicated to a larger number of people at the lower level. The president is usually the highest hierarchy of people who make decisions.
Decision making in a centralized organization is efficient because few people are involved.
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Since supportive measures are designed to preserve both the complainant’s and the respondent’s access to education, interim removal of the respondent may occur if respondent poses an immediate threat or if his/her behavior is said to be disruptive of the said class and interferes with other activities.
<h3>What are supportive measures?</h3>
Supportive measures are known to be any form of an individualized services that is said to be often done so that they can be able to save, restore or keep the equal access of people to education, protect student and employee safety, as well as others.
Note that it is one that act to hinder any form of sexual harassment and as such, Supportive measures are known to be offered even if a the said complainant is a person who do not wish to start or participate in a grievance process.
Therefore, Since supportive measures are designed to preserve both the complainant’s and the respondent’s access to education, interim removal of the respondent may occur if respondent poses an immediate threat or if his/her behavior is said to be disruptive of the said class and interferes with other activities.
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The ability to generalize a study's results to different circumstances is known as external validity that suffers from 7 types of threats.
<h3>What are the threats to External Validity?</h3>
There are 7 major threats to external validity.
- The first threat is sampling bias, in which a sample is not representative of the population.
- The second threat is history, where an unrelated incident can affect the results.
- The third threat is observer bias, in which the traits or actions of the experimenter unintentionally affect the results, resulting in bias and other demand features.
- The fourth threat is the Hawthorne effect, which describes the propensity for individuals to alter their behaviour merely because they are aware that they are being observed.
- The fifth threat is the Testing Effect, in which the results are impacted by whether a test is administered before or after another.
- The sixth threat is the aptitude-treatment, which involves the interaction of individual and group factors to affect the dependent variable.
- The environment, time of day, location, researcher traits, and other variables that restrict the generalizability of the results are included in the seventh threat.
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An introduced species is a non native species that has one way or another been integrated into the native environment by human or other means.
An invasive species on the other hand is an introduced organism that has become detrimental to the local environment.
