The type of primary election most conducive to strong political parties is the closed primary.
Babylonia had a number of rulers, but I think the one you mean, the one that is particularly know for the laws was Hammurabi (who lived in 18th and 17th century BC). The law is known as the Code of Hammurabi.
Boule the general term in ancient Greece for an advisory council. In the Homeric state there was a council of the leading nobles, who met, on the summons of the king, for consultation. It formed a means of communication between the king and the free man assembled in the agora. sorry if this answer is wrong
