Alkaline denaturation neutralize the charge of acids but also cause hydrolysis of bases upon prolonged treatment. Strong bases will raise pH until the H+ shared between the N-base electronegative centers (N-H and O=) is stripped from the H-bond, effectively breaking them.
Organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and formamide, or high pH, could break the hydrogen bonding between DNA strands too. Low salt concentration could also denature DNA double-strands by removing ions that stabilize the negative charges on the two strands from each other.
Low pH (less than pH 1): both RNA and DNA hydrolyze (phosphodiester bonds break and the bases break off).
High pH (greater than pH 11): RNA hydrolyzes, DNA will denature but the phosphodieser backbone remains intact.
[salt] Tm is sensitive to Na+ concentration. Na+ acts to shield the negative charges of the sugar-phosophate backbone from interacting with one another. The repulsion between the negatively charged phosphate backbones is the major force destabilizing the double helix, therefore increasing Na+ concentration increases helix stability and decreasing Na+ concentration decreases helix stability.
Ferns
<span>
Hornworts, mosses and liverworts do not have vascular tissue. They are considered in the division Byrophyta, none of which contain vascular tissue. Ferns are a step up in complexity in the division Pteridophyta, the first plants which contain vascular tissue. </span>
<span>The answer to this question would be: increasing fluid and fiber in the diet.
The opioid analgesic drug might be disrupting the nervous signal causing the reduction in the gastrointestinal mobility. If the intestine moves slower, then it means that the time it will absorb water will be increased. In this case, the feses will become harder because the water content will be lower. So it will be better if the fluid intake increased and take more fiber to make defecation easier.</span>
The body cell has more genetic information. A gamete only has half the information of a body cell. So when two gametes combine (a sperm and an egg), together they provide the child with all the genetic information needed for its body cells.
Hope this helps :)