The answer to the first question is "A, Petition of Right"
The answer to the second question is "B, The Stuarts"
I pretty sure its d but i could be wrong
Northern places like Canada were colonized by France. The mid part was at first colonized by the Dutch but then the colonies were taken by the British. The central American part, including South America and the Carribean was mostly controlled by the Spanish. Portugal had control of Brazil while Russians started slowly moving towards Alaska but couldn't establish colonies until the 18th century.