Answer:
Hydrogen bonding
Explanation:
The newly synthesised proteins as a result of the process of translation are linear structures formed by linear arrangement of amino acids.
The linear structure of a protein is known as the primary structure which changes its conformation and take the shape of either the helix or the pleated sheet. This helical or pleated sheet structure is known as a secondary structure.
The secondary structure is formed due to the bond formed between the hydrogen of the carbonyl group and the amino group which form the backbone of the protein structure. The hydrogen bond causes the linear polypeptide to form spiral helical or bend pleated sheet.
Thus, Hydrogen bonding is the correct answer.
Answer:
Selection is a directional process that leads to an increase or a decrease in the frequency of genes or genotypes. Selection is the process that increases the frequencies of plant resistance alleles in natural ecosystems through coevolution, and it is the process that increases the frequencies of virulence alleles in agricultural ecosystems during boom and bust cycles.
Selection occurs in response to a specific environmental factor. It is a central topic of population and evolutionary biology. The consequence of natural selection on the genetic structure and evolution of organisms is complicated. Natural selection can decrease the genetic variation in populations of organisms by selecting for or against a specific gene or gene combination (leading to directional selection). It can increase the genetic variation in populations by selecting for or against several genes or gene combinations (leading to disruptive selection or balancing selection). Natural selection might lead to speciation through the accumulation of adaptive genetic differences among reproductively isolated populations. Selection can also prevent speciation by homogenizing the population genetic structure across all locations.
Selection in plant pathology is mainly considered in the framework of gene-for-gene coevolution. Plant pathologists often think in terms of Van der Plank and his concept of "stabilizing selection" that would operate against pathogen strains with unnecessary virulence. As we will see shortly, Van der Plank used the wrong term, as he was actually referring to directional selection against unneeded virulence alleles.
