Toxicity is a chemical property
Answer:

Explanation:
Given -
Total Population - 
Individuals with homozygous HbA/hbA genotype - 
Individuals with homozygous hbs/hbs genotype -
Individuals with heterozygous hba/hbs genotype - 
Let us assume the given population is in Hardy Weinberg' equilibrium
The frequency of individuals in the given population with homozygous HbA/hba genotype is equal to number of individuals with homozygous HbA/hba genotype divided by total population.

The frequency of hba allele is equal to

Answer:
It is the varying chemical structure and properties of the R-group that make the amino acids different from one another. About 9 amino acids have non-polar R-groups and are relatively hydrophobic. Another 6 amino acids have strongly polar R-groups which readily attract water molecules.
The answer is 2 because its the outside number and not in the parentheses
Answer:
1.You can identify a fossil by determining it's age by comparing it to similar fossils.
2. You can measure the decay of isotopes within the fossil
Explanation:
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