Why are fats used as long-term energy storage instead of carbohydrates or proteins?
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As this family has an Autosomal Recessive Disorder, we must know that this disorder will only be expressed, in the family members who are homozygous recessive (aa), in this way, to know the probability of IV-4 and IV-5 to present the disorder, we must evaluate the probabilities of combinations of their parents' alleles in a diagram called a punnett square.
In the pedigree above, we can see that the dark colored balls and squares represent the members of the family who have the disorder and therefore have the "aa" genotype.
Thus, when observing the crossings throughout the family, we know that the father of IV-4, has the genotype "Aa", however we do not know which genotype of the mother of IV-4, but as she does not have the disorder, she may have the genotype "Aa", or "AA", for that reason, we must make the punnett square for both situations and see what the probabilities of IV-4 will present the disorder.
As you can see in the figure attached below, if IV-4's mother has the "Aa" genotype, IV-4 will have a 25% chance of presenting the disorder. If IV-4's mother has the "AA" genotype, IV-4 has a 0% chance of inheriting the disorder.
In the case of IV-5, we can see that his mother has the disorder and therefore has the genotype "aa", we know that his father does not have the disorder, but we do not know if the father's genotype is "AA" or "Aa "and therefore we must evaluate both situations.
As you can see in the figure below called "IV-5", if IV-5's father has the "AA" genotype, IV-5 will have a 0% chance of inheriting the disorder. However, if IV-5's father has the "aa" genotype, IV-5 will have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder.
