Answer:
1. Asexual Reproduction (If there is only one organism reproducing)
2. Selective Breeding
Explanation:
1. If there is only one parent organism that means the offspring it is a carbon copy of its parent.
2. Selective breeding is breeding to bring out more desirable traits out of the species, like how dog breeders breed for better sense of smell or hearing.
Answer:
when G1/S cyclin-CDK is activated. Expression of G1/S cyclins is regulated by E2F proteins
Explanation:
I've found this on Google
Commitment to cell division occurs at Start when G1/S cyclin-CDK is activated. Expression of G1/S cyclins is regulated by E2F proteins in conjunction with pRB proteins.. Mitogens stimulated cell division by increasing the amount of G1 cyclins.
Answer:
2
Explanation:
Prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.
Unlike natural selection, genetic drift does not depend on an allele’s beneficial or harmful effects. Instead, drift changes allele frequencies purely by chance, as random subsets of individuals (and the gametes of those individuals) are sampled to produce the next generation.
Every population experiences genetic drift, but small populations feel its effects more strongly. Genetic drift does not take into account an allele’s adaptive value to a population, and it may result in loss of a beneficial allele or fixation (rise to 100\%100%100, percent frequency) of a harmful allele in a population.
The founder effect and the bottleneck effect are cases in which a small population is formed from a larger population. These “sampled” populations often do not represent the genetic diversity of the original population, and their small size means they may experience strong drift for generations.
Answer:
Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Explanation:
Most of the ATP molecules are produced by oxidative phosphorylation, not by substrate-level phosphorylation. During glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules per glucose are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. Similarly, Kreb's cycle also yields 2 ATP per glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation.
For each pair of electrons transferred to O2 from FADH2 via electron transport chain, 4 and 2 protons are pumped from matrix towards the intermembrane space by complex III and complex IV respectively. It generates the proton concentration gradient required to drive the synthesis of 1.5 ATP molecules. Since oxidation of FADH2 is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP, the process is called oxidative phosphorylation.
