. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma<span> or </span>lava<span>. The magma can be derived from </span>partial melts<span> of existing rocks in either a </span>planet<span>'s </span>mantle<span> or </span>crust<span>. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in </span>temperature<span>, a decrease in </span>pressure<span>, or a change in composition. In this case, the "rock" is ice. The hot water has cooled through a change of temperature to create a solid structure (ice).</span>
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems.
Answer:
1. Map-based genome sequencing: a; c; f; g
2. Whole-genome shotgun sequencing: b
3. Both sequencing methods: d; e
Explanation:
Map-based genome sequencing is a method that makes use of a reference genome sequence in order to determine the relative position of the DNA fragments before they are sequenced. This method is useful to determine the position of repetitive DNA fragments (for example, duplicated genes, repetitive non-coding regions, etc.) and Transposable Elements. Therefore, map-based genome sequencing is a suitable approach for large genomes (which are usually composed of repetitive sequences). On the other hand, in whole-genome shotgun sequencing, DNA sequences are obtained before the correct order of these DNA fragments is known. In this method, the genome is fragmented randomly into small DNA sequences (between 100 and 1000 base pairs), which are subsequently sequenced through the chain-termination sequencing approach (i.e., Sanger sequencing) and finally ordered by using bioinformatic tools that assemble overlapping reads.
