I'd say first question, "life changes over time".
Second question, "when there are physical similarities in the early stages of embryonic development, it suggests that each of the modern organisms once had a common ancestor".
Third, appendix.
Fourth, "they are evidence that all came from a common ancestor and that life changed over time for all these organisms to exist".
Fifth, "they all share at least 50% of the same DNA arrangement".
I might be a little late but hopefully this helps!
The two major systems involved in the stress response are the Nervous System [the Sympathetic subdivision of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)] and the Endocrine System (glands which secrete hormones intonthe bloodstream).
The Endocrine System's response during acute and/or chronic stress (adaptation) involves first the Hypothalamic release of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH), which stimulates the Anterior Pituitary (via the blood) to release AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH), which then activates the Adrenal Cortex to release glucocorticoid hormones (i.e. Cortisol), amongst others into the bloodstream. Cortisol then has many effects on tissues and organs throughout the body to allow better generalized coping with the initial stress stimulus.
Mammals are adapted to live in land, air, and water, so the answer is D, all of the above.
The possible cause for a decrease in ecosystem productivity is : B. a decrease of the biodiversity o an ecosystem
Decrease in biodiversity means that there will be less organisms that support each other to maintain the balance in the ecosystem, which eventually decrease its productivity
The answer is D I hope it helped out! :)