Common between optimization using total value and optimization using marginal analysis is:
Both techniques require the conversion of all costs and benefits into a common unit of measurement.
What is the principle of optimization at the margin?
The Principle of Optimization at the Margin states that an optimal feasible alternative has the property that moving to it makes you better off and moving away from it makes you worse off.
Optimization using total value:
calculates the change in net benefits when switching from one. alternative to another.
optimization using marginal analysis:
calculates the net benefits of. different alternatives.
Total Value analysis :
has a wide range of applications. The analysis can be used to assess an organization's key impacts, or provide more detailed information such as an assessment of the life cycle impacts of a product.
marginal analysis:
is an examination of the additional benefits of an activity compared to the additional costs incurred by that same activity. Companies use marginal analysis as a decision-making tool to help them maximize their potential profits.
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What are the risk options ?
Answer:
Jana just found out that she is going to receive an end-of-year bonus of $32,200. She is in the 35 percent marginal tax bracket. Calculate her income tax on this bonus.
- tax liability = $32,200 x 35% = $11,270
Now assume that instead of receiving a bonus, Jana receives the $32,200 as a long-term capital gain. What will be her tax?
- tax liability = $32,200 x 15% = $4,830
Which form of compensation offers Jana the best after-tax return?
- if the bonus is taxed as a long term capital gain, she will páy less than half the taxes, so it is the best option for her
Would your calculation be different if the gain was short-term rather than long-term?
- Short term capital gains are taxed at the same rate as ordinary income, so the difference between the bonus being a long vs short term capital gain is very significant to Jana.
If the company requires a return of 10 percent for such an investment, calculate the present value of the project.
The present value of the project is $72349.51.
Since we consider only incremental cash flows for a project, we consider $21,600 for year one and calculate a 4% increase for each of the additional years.
We then calculate the Present Value Interest Factor (PVIF) at 10% for four years using the formula :
PVIF = 1 / [(1+r)^n]
Next, we find the product of the respective cash flows and PVIF for each year.
Finally, we find the total of the discounted cash flows for the four years to find the Present Value of the project.
