DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). <span>DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.</span>
The only mutations<span> that matter to large-scale evolution are those that can be </span>passed on<span> to </span>offspring<span>. These occur in reproductive cells like eggs and sperm and are called germ line </span>mutations<span>. A single germ line </span>mutation<span> can have a range of effects: No change occurs in phenotype.</span>
The pathway would be over active, If a ligand were stuck in the G-protein-linked receptor.
<h3>What usually happens when a ligand binds to a receptor protein?</h3>
When the ligand attached to the internal receptor, a change occurs that shows at DNA-binding site on the protein.
The ligand-receptor complex moves into the nucleus where it binds itself to regions of the chromosomal DNA. It promotes the initiation of the process of transcription so we can conclude that if a ligand were stuck in the G-protein-linked receptor, the pathway would be over active.
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C
Lipids form a bilayer, so D is out.
Lipids contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, so A is out
Lipids contain carbon so they are organic (not inorganic)
