The Cuban War of Independence<span> (</span>Spanish<span>: </span>Guerra de Independencia cubana<span>, 1895–98) was the last of three liberation wars that </span>Cuba<span> fought against </span>Spain<span>, the other two being the </span>Ten Years' War<span> (1868–1878) and the </span>Little War<span> (1879–1880). The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the </span>Spanish–American War<span>, with United States forces being deployed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the </span>Philippine Islands<span> against Spain. Historians disagree as to the extent that United States officials were motivated to intervene for humanitarian reasons but agree that </span>yellow journalism exaggerated atrocities attributed to Spanish forces against Cuban civilians.
Explanation:
The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Chinese Revolution or the Xinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and resulted in the establishment of the Republic of China on 1 January 1912. The revolution was named Xinhai (Hsin-hai) because it occurred in 1911, the year of the Xinhai (辛亥) stem-branch in the sexagenary cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar.[2] The revolution marked the end of 2,000 years of imperial rule and the beginning of China's early republican era.[3]The revolution culminated a decade of agitation, revolts, and uprisings. The Qing dynasty had struggled for a long time to reform the government and resist foreign aggression, but the program of reforms after 1900 was opposed by Manchu conservatives at court as too radical and by Chinese reformers as too slow. Underground anti-Qing groups, revolutionaries in exile, reformers who wanted to save the monarchy by modernizing it, and activists across the country debated how or whether to overthrow the Manchus. The flash-point came on 10 October 1911, with the Wuchang Uprising, an armed rebellion among members of the New Army. Similar revolts broke out spontaneously around the country. The abdication of the last Chinese emperor, the six-year-old Puyi, was promulgated on 12 February 1912.
In Nanjing, however, revolutionary armies established a provisional coalition government. The National Assembly declared the Republic of China, then declared Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Tongmenghui (United League), President of the Republic. A brief civil war between North and South ended in compromise. Sun resigned in favor of Yuan Shikai, who became President of the new national government in Beijing. Yuan's failure to establish a legitimate central government before his death in 1916 led to decades of political division and warlordism, including attempts at imperial restoration.
The Republic of China on the island of Taiwan and the People's Republic of China on the mainland both consider themselves the legitimate successors to the 1911 Revolution and honor the ideals of the revolution including nationalism, republicanism, modernization of China and national unity. In Taiwan, 10 October is commemorated as Double Ten Day, the National Day of the ROC. In mainland China, the day is celebrated as the Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution.
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These advances in the history of technology stimulated societies to adopt new ways of living and governance.
Slavery in ancient Rome played an important role in society and the economy. Besides manual labor, slaves performed many domestic services, and might be employed at highly skilled jobs and professions. Accountants and physicians were often slaves. Slaves of Greek origin in particular might be highly educated. Unskilled slaves, or those sentenced to slavery as punishment, worked on farms, in mines, and at mills.
Roman mosaic from Dougga, Tunisia (2nd century AD): the two slaves carrying wine jars wear typical slave clothing and an amulet against the evil eye on a necklace; the slave boy to the left carries water and towels, and the one on the right a bough and a basket of flowers[1]
Captives in Rome, a nineteenth-century painting by Charles W. Bartlett
Slaves were considered property under Roman law and had no legal personhood. Most slaves would never be freed. Unlike Roman citizens, they could be subjected to corporal punishment, sexual exploitation (prostitutes were often slaves), torture and summary execution. Over time, however, slaves gained increased legal protection, including the right to file complaints against their masters.
A major source of slaves had been Roman military expansion during the Republic. The use of former enemy soldiers as slaves led perhaps inevitably to a series of en masse armed rebellions, the Servile Wars, the last of which was led by Spartacus. During the Pax Romana of the early Roman Empire (1st–2nd centuries AD), emphasis was placed on maintaining stability, and the lack of new territorial conquests dried up this supply line of human trafficking. To maintain an enslaved work force, increased legal restrictions on freeing slaves were put into place. Escaped slaves would be hunted down and returned (often for a reward). There were also many cases of poor people selling their children to richer neighbors as slaves in times of hardship.