1449 to the early 16th century
In 1765, Stamp Act Congress was the group of American colonists that protested "taxation without representation" by sending a protest to the British king. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the first option or option "a". The meeting was held between 7th to 25th of October in the year 1765.
They led to the rise of nationalism because it was mostly about fighting foreign forms of imperialism. Young Turks wanted a Turkey without the ottoman monarchy and without foreign influences, while Japan won the Russo-Japanese war and became aware that they are an important military force in the world. The Boxer rebellion was about Chinese nationalists wanting to get rid of all types of foreign influence, both governmental and religious. All three involved people with strong nationalistic tendencies who opposed foreign influence.
<span />
Following the Battle of Stalingrad, A. German troops continued their blitzkrieg eastward. The battle was very bloody and lasted for 5 months in 1943, two years before the end of the WWII.
The best answer is, to the rise of totalitarian regimes in some countries.
A surge of totalitarianism could be expected in some European states following the political, social, and economic chaos of World War I and the Great Depression. Totalitarian regimes flourished in countries where fascism and communism were popular, including Germany, Italy, and the Russian Empire. Many leaders used the state's total control of economy and society associated with totalitarianism to address issues of their time which included job shortages, insufficient industry, or even foodstuffs depending on the region.
