B- black allele;
b- brown allele;
The parental cross is true-breeding because both the male and the female are homo zygotes, so: BBx bb
The F1 generation will be all black heterozygote: Bb
The F2 generation will be between mice of the F1 generation and they all have the same genotype:Bb xBb
In this cross it would result in:
1/4 of the plants being black homozygote-BB 25%
2/4 of the plants being black heterozygote- Bb- 50%
1/4 of the plants being brown homozygote- bb- 25%
answer: 25%+25%=50% are homozygotes
Earthquakes produce __seismic waves____ that travel though Earth
Answer: I am a Shrub
Explanation:
A Shrub also called a bush is medium-sized woody plant with many stems which is shorter than a tree but taller than a herb having a range in height of about 6-10 metres Shrubs are divided into two --- Deciduous and evergreen.
Many Shrubs are planted in homes and gardens because of the aesthetic value they provide, including serving as wind breaks when many of them are planted together.Example of Shrubs include Rose, jasmine,Hibiscus tulsi, etc.
An adaptation is a trait that "evolved" for a particular condition that allows the animal to survive. Something is adaptive if it is a useful trait but not necessarily one that occurred in response to a particular selection pressure. Basically a trait is an adaptation if it is the product of selection, and adaptive if it is beneficial in the present time.
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Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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