Answer:
The Caenorhabditis elegans dauer state is a hibernation-like state of diapause that displays a dramatic reduction in spontaneous locomotion.
Explanation:
Mutations affecting the neurotransmitter dopamine, which regulates voluntary movement in many organisms, can stimulate movement in dauers. The movement of quiescent animals is stimulated by conditions that reduce dopamine signaling and also by conditions predicted to increase dopamine signaling.The stimulation of movement by increased dopamine is much more pronounced in quiescent daf-2(−) dauer and dauer-like adult animals.
In C. elegans hermaphrodites, dopamine is produced by eight neurons and signals via at least four dopamine receptors, DOP-1 through DOP-4. In addition, a presynaptic reuptake transporter, DAT-1, removes dopamine from the extracellular space to terminate signaling. In C. elegans, dopamine is best known for mediating the “basal slowing response” in which the animal's movement slows when it encounters food.. Dopamine is thought to be released in response to food and to act on motor neurons to modulate the animal's movement . Animals that cannot produce dopamine fail to slow in response to food and exogenous dopamine slows the movement of animals cultured without food.The response to dopamine in this situation is complex, as the absence of specific dopamine receptors can have either positive or negative effects on movement.
Answer:
A. III only
Explanation:
Cytochromes are found only in the mitochondrial membrane as part of the electron transport chain. They are vital to the downward cascade of energy as electrons are passed from the NAD+ and FAD produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle into the electron transport chain to eventually produce ATP.
Answer:
one common ancestor
Explanation:
Although Darwin’s theory is often described as the theory of evolution by natural selection, most commentators recognize that common ancestry (the idea that all organisms now alive on earth and all present day fossils trace back to one or a few “original progenitors”) is an important part of the Darwinian picture.
Explanation:
Lysosomes are to damaged organelles, as garbage collectors are to garbage.
Answer:
D. Oral cavity to the trachea to the larynx to the right and left main bronchi.
Explanation:
