Answer:
Polyploidy is the state of a cell or organism having more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent. Hence ploidy is defined with respect to a cell.
Explanation:
Answer:
OH, H2O2 and O−2
Explanation:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be defined as highly reactive chemical compounds formed from molecular oxygen (O2). ROS are generated as a normal product of cellular metabolism, and also as a response to different environmental/internal cellular stimuli (e.g., cytokines, xenobiotics, pathogenic invasion). For example, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are a type of ROS generated in the mitochondria which are capable of inducing oxidative stress in different cells and also trigger chronic inflammation. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecules represent another type of ROS which are produced during the stereoselective deamination of amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. These molecules (H2O2) exhibit toxic effects on the cell (e.g., DNA damage). Finally, singlet oxygen (1O2) is an excited state of molecular oxygen (O2) that is generated during photosynthesis in the photosystem II (PSII) of chloroplasts.
Mitochondria should be the answer
Gold's streak is colored golden yellow to brass yellow.
Answer:
Explanation:
The third-quarter moon, also known as the last quarter moon, rises around midnight and sets around noon. Crescent Waning From our vantage point, the Moon is nearly back to the point in its orbit where its dayside directly faces the Sun, and all we see is a thin curve
When you look at a waxing crescent moon, you see a thin fraction of the moon's illuminated side and a larger fraction of the moon's night side, which is submerged in the moon's own shadow. Earthshine on a waxing crescent moon
The Decline The Gibbous phase occurs when the illuminated portion of the Moon decreases from 99.9 percent to 50.1 percent. It begins shortly after the Full Moon and continues until the Third Quarter Moon. Waning refers to the fact that it is shrinking and becoming smaller, whereas gibbous refers to the oval-to-round shape.
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