Answer:
The correct answer is letter "A": cumulative preferred stock that have been declared but have not been paid.
Explanation:
Dividends in arrears are dividends that have not been paid in a period on cumulative preferred stock. A company does not necessarily have to pay dividends to its shareholders but the payment becomes cumulative. Under this situation, it is said that the organization has failed to generate enough cash during the year. Besides, there must be a dividend declaration for the dividends in arrears to be liable recognized.
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer: credible commitment
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that BioGrow Pharma Inc. wanted its research partner, an R&D company, to develop a cancer vaccine but that the project required huge capital investments, and its research partner was not ready to solely face the risks involved. 
Therefore, to gain its partner's confidence and to prove its involvement, BioGrow Pharma invested $100 million in the project. This investment made by BioGrow Pharma will result in a credible commitment. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
Oglivie Corp.'s assets (cash account) will increase be $230,000 and its equity (common stock account) will also increase by $230,000. 
Every time a company issues stock and sells them, both its assets and equity have to increase in order to keep a balance in the balance sheet. Since Oglivie's stock are no-par, all of the money received should be included in the common stock account. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
<h3><u>
Answer:</u></h3>
Determining that the study has a maximization of benefits and a minimization of risks is the best example of how the Principle of Beneficence can be applied to a study employing human subjects.
<h3><u>
Explanation:</u></h3>
The principle of beneficence demands that the human subjects have self-determination. Also if some of the human subjects do not have the power to take decisions, the  investigators should make sure that the human subjects are not harmed. The  researchers should increase the chances of benefits and decrease the amount of risk.
The research studies which include human subjects, even those that have very little risk  should not be taken into consideration if it does not create scientifically valid or presents  us new facts. It is very confusing for the researchers to determine when the benefits  should be taken into consideration because of the risks and benefits should be sought  despite the risks.