Answer:
Generally consists of a company's cumulative net income less any net losses and dividends declared since its inception
Explanation:
Retained earning is the balance of a company's profit that is retained after the distribution of dividend declared to it's shareholders. 
A company that makes profit at the end of a reporting period usually make dividend declaration to its shareholder. The accumulation of these declarations are then taken out of the profit earned by the company. The balance when dividends declared(since it's inception) by the company is taken out from its profit, including any net losses is known as retained earning.
 
        
             
        
        
        
Learning.
Or at least I believe so. Are there multiple choice?
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
Total cost of Job A3B=  $31,900
Explanation:
Job A3B was ordered by a customer on September 25. 
The company applies overhead at a rate of 100% of the direct labor cost incurred.
Cost of September:
 $3,400 of direct materials 
$4,900 of direct labor. 
$4,900 manufactured overhead
Total= $13,200
Cost of October:
 $3,900 of direct materials  
$7,400 of direct labor 
$7,400  manufactured overhead
Total= $18,700
Total cost of Job A3B= 13,200 + 18,700= $31,900
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
B. Debit Budgetary Fund Balance -- Reserve for Encumbrances for $550,000.
Explanation:
X City made an order for goods worth $550,000 and when the goods were received the invoice states $551,000. The company should indicate in the invoice the correct amount received and work with that.
Reserve for encumbrances is an account that contains funds that have been reserved for a particular purpose. In this case since the order was made in February, the funds of $550,000 would have been put in this account.
On receipt of the goods we debit Budgetary Fund Balance -- Reserve for Encumbrances for $550,000 (the correct value of goods received).
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
False
Explanation:
A lagged effect in marketing can be defined as the delay that comes from an effort put into marketing a product. 
In marketing, efforts put into an advertisement can yield a greater result even after the lag period. This means that a product might need more than one advertisement and the combined effects of the advertisements will be seen overtime if not immediately. 
In the above question, Joel still went on to get a Ford fusion after seeing the Toyota advert which means that something from his research must have influenced his decision. Either price, quality, or any other factors must have been responsible for Joel's choice but it is definitely not the lagged effect. 
Cheers.