<span>Driving errors for older drivers may result from a higher momentary mental workload resulting from complex driving situations, such as intersections. The present study examined if the mental workload of young and older active drivers vary with the difficulty of the driving context. We adopted the probe reaction time (RT) technique to measure the workload while driving in a simulator. The technique provided clear instructions about the primary (driving) and secondary (RT) tasks. To avoid structural interference, the secondary task consisted of responding as rapidly as possible with a vocal response ("top") to an auditory stimulus. Participants drove through a continuous 26.4-km scenario including rural and urban sections and probes (stimuli) were given in a baseline static condition and in three different driving contexts embedded into the overall driving scenario. Specifically, stimuli were given randomly when (a) driving on straight roads at a constant speed, (b) approaching intersections for which the driver had to stop the car, and (c) when overtaking a slower vehicle. Unless a driving error was made, drivers did not need any emergency responses. Reaction time was defined as the temporal interval between the auditory stimulus and the onset of the corresponding verbal response detected from the analog signal of a piezo-electric microphone fixed on a headset (ms accuracy). Baseline RTs were similar for both groups. Both groups showed longer RTs when driving and RTs increased as the complexity of the driving contexts increased (driving straights, intersections, overtaking maneuvers). Compared to younger drivers, however, older drivers showed longer RTs for all driving contexts and the most complex driving context (overtaking maneuvers) yielded a disproportionate increase. In conclusion, driving leads to a greater mental workload for the older drivers than for the younger drivers and this effect was exacerbated by the more complex driving context (overtaking maneuvers).</span>
<span>It is called
emotion-focused coping. This type of
coping involves efforts to regulate the emotions that a person experienced
because of a certain stressful event.</span>
The recurring negative thought
focused on the stressor is called emotional distress.
<span>The emotional-approach
coping also involves focusing on, clarifying, and working through emotions.</span>
The paramount problem facing Hamilton was a huge national debt. He proposed that the government assume the entire debt of the federal government and the states. His plan was to retire the old depreciated obligations by borrowing new money at a lower interest rate.
The over-consumption of the services provided by health insurance companies are athe main reason of the inefficency of the system because in the end the consumer is paying a price that is below the standards for these services provided because of the nominal fee so the unbalance in the system's market ends up affecting the whole system in a very negative way, leading to an inefficient outcome.
The recklessness is defined as a state of mind where the person is aware of the fact that it is deliberately and unjustifiably taken up as an action and it disregards any risk form those actions and are blameworthy than the careless behavior.
