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3 years ago

During a humoral immune response, which of the following happens when a pathogen is recognized?

Biology

2 answers:

GarryVolchara [31]3 years ago

8 0

I believe the answer is B. The antibodies on B cells bind to the antigens on the pathogen's surface.

Papessa [141]3 years ago

7 0

Answer:

Memory B cells divide to form plasma cells that surround the pathogen.

Explanation:

Acquired immunity is gained after birth and is usually pathogen specific. When our body encounters the pathogen for the first time, the response produced is called primary response, which is weak or we can say of low intensity. During subsequent attacks the response produced is called secondary response which is quick and of high intensity.

Both primary and secondary immune response is due to two types of cells called B-cells and T-cells. These cells provide two types of acquired immunity:

1. Humoral immunity: The B-cells produce an army of proteins is response to the pathogen. On encountering the pathogen, B-cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies into our blood. Undifferentiated B-cells remain as memory cells.

2. Cell mediated immunity: It is mediated by T-cells. T cells do not produce antibodies but they help B cells to produce them. Some T cells differentiate into helper T cells which help activating the B cells to produce antibodies.

You might be interested in

Populations adapt to changing environmental conditions as a result of __________. populations adapt to changing environmental co

barxatty [35]

Natural selection is the process that result in the adaptation of an organism to environment by means of selectively reproducing changes in its genotype, or genetic constitution. It is the a key mechanism of evolution. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection" contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not.
To make it simple, let's have a group of beetle composing of green and some are brown as an example. here, there is a variation in traits. Since the environment could not support continuous population growth, not all species can reproduce to their full potential. Green beetles can easily be eaten by other species like birds compared to brown beetles. The surviving brown beetles will then generate brown offsprings because their trait has a genetic basis. Since more brown beetles survive and becomes more common in the population, the process continues until all individuals will eventually be brown. so basically, if you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome.

7 0

3 years ago

the couple is also concerned about their child inheriting hemophilia, another rare disease, which is x-linked. natalie’s brother

IgorC [24]

Hemophilia is a recessive X-linked condition and is inherited from parents. . The probability that Natalie and Daniel’s first child has hemophilia is 1/4, not 1/8. The statement is false.

<h3>What is an X-linked gene?</h3>

When talking about sex-linked genes, we refer to all those genes located in one of the sex-chromosomes and not in the somatic ones.

X-linked genes are the genes located specifically in the X sex chromosome.

Traits coded by these genes are inherited. This is, X-linked genes are transmitted from parents to children through generations.

According to this, X-linked genetic disorders will be inherited as well.

Men have a high probability of being affected since they only have one copy of the X chromosome.

In women, the effect of the mutation might be musk in heterozygous state if the mutation is recessive.

Hemophilia is a recessive X-linked disorder, which means it is coded by the recessive allele.

X+ ⇒ X chrosomosome with Dominant allele

X- ⇒ X chrosomosome with Recessive allele

Genotype Phenotype

X+X+ Healthy woman

X+X- Healthy carrier woman

X-X- Hemophilic woman

X+Y Healthy man

X-Y Hemophilic man

Let us make a pedigree of these families,

Natalie's family:

Mother healthy carrier X+X-

Father healthy X+Y

Brother hemophilic X-Y

Natalie Healthy X+X- or X+X+

Natalie has 1/2 chances of being carrier X+X- and 1/2 of being X+X+.

Daniel's family:

Mother healthy carrier X+X-

Father hemophilic X-Y

Sister hemophilic X-X-

Daniel Healthy X+Y

He has 1/2 chances of being healthy X+Y and 1/2 of being affected X-Y.

According to the product probability rule, if events A and B are independent from each other, the probability of occurrence of both events together is

P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B)

In this case,

event A is Daniel being affected ⇒ 1/2
event B is Natalie being carrier ⇒ 1/2

P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B) = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4

The probability that Natalie and Daniel’s first child has hemophilia is 1/4, not 1/8. The statement is false.

You can learn more about X-linked genes at

brainly.com/question/12420228

brainly.com/question/14704182

brainly.com/question/1387724

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7 0

2 years ago

During a chemical reaction bonds that hold atoms together may be broken or formed is it true or false

Jlenok [28]

Answer:

Explanation:

okok

5 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

How many amino acids are found in living organisms? 2 5 10 20

aalyn [17]

I believe the answer would be 20 amino acids

3 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Fresh foods lose nutritive value and spoil over time. People in urban areas often live far from the farms where fresh foods are

Darya [45]

Answer:

Community garden would solve the "public health" problem

Explanation:

Community garden is a land where different fruits, vegetables and other plants are grown in shared land so as to meet the kitchen requirement. In the community garden people work combinedly in order to make a beautiful as well as productive space. Community garden idea allows people to interact with neighbors and can spend some time outdoor, able to make new friends in the colony and it can help in maintaining the mental and public health.

3 0

4 years ago