Answer:
1- McCulloch v. Maryland:
-The Second Bank of the United States was involved in the case.
-The Supreme Court ruled that a state could not tax a federal institution
2- Gibbons v. Ogden:
-The state of New York was involved in the case.
-The Supreme Court ruled that a state could not regulate commercial activities between states.
-A state-granted one company exclusive rights over the Hudson river.
Explanation:
1- McCulloch v. Maryland was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1819, in which the state of Maryland was barred from levying a tax on federal banks operating in its territory. As a result, the principle of federalism triumphed over state rights, while the constitutional "Necessary and Proper Clause," which allows Congress to carry out certain actions not expressly stated in the Constitution but that appear to conform with those permitted activities, remained in effect.
2- Gibbons v. Ogden was a Supreme Court decision from 1824 that upheld the federal government's authority to control interstate trade. This is due to a dispute between New York and New Jersey, which was supposed to be settled by municipal courts but ended up breaching the Supreme Court's original authority and the states' right to equality.
Answer:
¨More than half of the world’s population now live in urban areas — increasingly in highly-dense cities. However, urban settings are a relatively new phenomenon in human history. This transition has transformed the way we live, work, travel and build networks.¨
-Our World in Data
The Meiji Period in Japan is generally believed to last from 1868 to 1912 and was named after the emperor Meiji.
The era saw the Meiji Restoration take place, also known as Meiji Revolution, or Reform.
This saw the first formal consolidation of power in Japan and the development of a modern administration and standing army.
The Meiji Restoration saw a period of Japanese advancements in the fields of education, agriculture and technology. The Japanese understood that they were far behind Western Powers and would need to replicate their success in order to avoid being dominated by them.
Japan transformed from a mostly agrarian society into a modern country with skilled engineers and scientists.
This also greatly contributed towards the development of a capable Army.
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