Subtract 4 from both sides. You'll get 8x = 28. Solving for x, x = 28/8 = 7/2
the length of the segment AD is 5 units
Since you want to cancel something out, the book makes the 24 3 times eight so that both of the threes can be canceled out
The dot product will have you multiply the corresponding coordinates and add up the products
v dot w = (6*(-7)) + (7*5) + (-3*2)
v dot w = -42 + 35 - 6
v dot w = -7 - 6
v dot w = -13
Answer: -13