The organism under study, which will be used to donate DNA for the analysis, is called the donor organism. The basic procedure is to extract and cut up DNA from a donor genome into fragments containing from one to several genes and allow these fragments to insert themselves individually into opened-up small autonomously replicating DNA molecules such as bacterial plasmids. These small circular molecules act as carriers, or vectors, for the DNA fragments. The vector molecules with their inserts are called recombinant DNA because they consist of novel combinations of DNA from the donor genome (which can be from any organism) with vector DNA from a completely different source (generally a bacterial plasmid or a virus). The recombinant DNA mixture is then used to transform bacterial cells, and it is common for single recombinant vector molecules to find their way into individual bacterial cells. Bacterial cells are plated and allowed to grow into colonies. An individual transformed cell with a single recombinant vector will divide into a colony with millions of cells, all carrying the same recombinant vector. Therefore an individual colony contains a very large population of identical DNA inserts, and this population is called a DNA clone. A great deal of the analysis of the cloned DNA fragment can be performed at the stage when it is in the bacterial host. Later, however, it is often desirable to reintroduce the cloned DNA back into cells of the original donor organism to carry out specific manipulations of genome structure and function.
The head should be positioned in the upper of the body.
The weight of the center body should be over the pelvis.
The legs and knees should be stable enough to support that body's weight
Explanation:
For humans to keep a balance while walking, their body must be properly positioned in the right manner.
- The head must be fixed and positioned straight on the upper body. It should not at any point be unbalanced by being projected too forward or backward or to the side.
- The weight of the center body should be over the pelvis. The alignment gives the proper positioning of the center of gravity of the human body.
- The pelvis should carry and spread the weight of the body to the body parts that attaches to it.
- The legs and knees should be straight and stable to support the weight of the body.
- If they are not strong enough the body will wobble and not be balanced.
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Haploid:Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Diploid:Containing two sets of complete sets of chromosomes,one from each parent.
Dry matter is what remains after all of the water is evaporated out of a feed: grain and fresh or dried forages. Fresh pasture has high water content and will have a lower percentage of dry matter than an equivalent weight of dryer feed, such as hay or grain. Dry matter is an indicator of the amount of nutrients that are available to the animal in a particular feed.
Livestock need to consume a certain amount of dry matter per day (measured in lbs or kg/day) to maintain health and production. The daily amount of dry matter needed depends upon several factors including, weight and stage of production (e.g., lactating, pregnant, weaning, finishing). Dry matter intake (DMI) can be estimated by using published reference tables that provide the percent dry matter in various dry (hay and grain), fresh, and ensiled feeds. There are also methods to measure the actual dry matter in feed.
Under the NOP regulations, ruminants must obtain at least 30% of their dry matter intake (DMI) from grazing on pasture during the grazing season.
