A protein is a polymer of amino acids.
When amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis (a process that removes
water to form a chemical bond), they form peptide bonds. <span>There are three main components of an
amino acid, the amino group, the side chain, and the carboxylic acid group. </span>
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The publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
<h3>What are cytokines?</h3>
Cytokines are molecules of the immune system that act during different types of immune responses, especially in inflammatory pathways.
Cytokines are mainly secreted by helper T immune cells (T cells) and macrophages.
In this case, the publication above mentioned uses different cytokine biomarkers to test inflammatory responses after orthodontic treatment (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, etc).
In conclusion, the publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
Learn more about cytokines here:
brainly.com/question/17215490
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Water evaporates from the ocean and land surfaces, is held temporarily as vapour in the atmosphere, and falls back to Earth's surface as precipitation. ... Water that infiltrates Earth's surface becomes groundwater, slowly seeping downward into extensive layers of porous soil and rock called aquifers.
