States had emerged as an uncontested authority in Europe.
Cradles of early civilizations
Answer:
After the American Revolution, Jay believed in a strong central government than that created by the Articles of the Confederation, the first constitution of the United States. One of his chief gripes with the Articles of Confederation was America's lack of unity on trade: the national Congress could promise countries like France or Spain access to shipping ports, but without an executive branch to enforce the promises, any of the states could ignore the rules.
It was "Karl Marx" who envisioned a classless society, with common people in charge of their destiny, since this was the basis of communism, which came to fruition most famously in the Soviet Union.
So my answer would be advice #1
Explanation:
president Washington's advice was to avoid political parties and view themselves as cohesive unit
