Animals are often individually consistent in their behavior, not only over time, but also across different functional contexts. Recent research has focused on phenotypic and evolutionary mechanisms explaining such personality differences through selection. Parasitism and predation induce important mortality and fitness costs, and are thus main candidates to create and maintain personality differences in the wild. Here, we present data on the behavioral consistency of the Eurasian minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) from two populations that live in different tributaries of the same river, but whose ecological environment differs fundamentally with regard to predation and parasitism. We experimentally demonstrate that individual minnow in both study populations are consistent in their boldness and activity. However, the two study populations differ notably: in the high predation and parasitism risk population fish show higher mean boldness, but tend to be less active than fish in low predation and parasitism risk population. Parasite (Diplostomum phoxini) load was negatively, but not statistically significantly, associated with fish activity level. Our study suggests that parasitism and predation are likely important agents in the ecology and evolution of animal personalities.
Consumers are living beings in a food chain that eat creatures from a particular species.
<span>Uno vive en tierra seca y cálida, por lo que realmente no necesitan agua donde los animales del bosque necesitan agua más que los animales en el desierto.</span>
Answer: C). A biozone can help trace the path of evolution over time.
Biozone is a stratigraphic unit which contains fossils in layers of strata existed in a particular geologic period. It is named as biozone because it depicts the number of biological taxa existed in particular strata. Therefore, the variation in features within taxonomic groups in biozones can give indication of evolution with respect to time.
Answer: anagenesis
Explanation:
Evolution in this species has occured within the lineage of a single population
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