Cooperation is common in non-human animals. Besides cooperation with an immediate benefit for both actors, this behavior appears to occur mostly between relatives.[1] Spending time and resources assisting a related individual may at first seem destructive to the organism’s chances of survival but is actually beneficial over the long-term. Since relatives share part of their genetic make-up, enhancing each other’s chances of survival may actually increase the likelihood that the helper’s genetic traits will be passed on to future generations.[6] The cooperative pulling paradigm is an experimental design used to assess if and under which conditions animals cooperate. It involves two or more animals pulling rewards towards themselves via an apparatus they can not successfully operate alone.[7]
Answer:
The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it ribosomes, which are small, round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins.
Answer:
Option B, they negate each other
Explanation:
Electrical gradient force is more or less equal to the chemical gradient during an active transport. The number of electron produced during the establishment of chemical gradients, were transferred through the cellular circuit to produce electrical gradient of an equivalent amount in opposite path.
Thus, both electrical and chemical gradient are opposite to each other and hence they negate out each other.
Option B
A molted external skeleton.
Answer:
A. Erosion from wind, water, or ice removes crustal material.
Explanation:
Plain formation can occur in many different ways some plates some planes can form as wind, water and ice erode wear away or remove dirt and rocks on higher land.
Wind picks up and carries along small particles which can be abrasive against surfaces, slowly wearing them away to form more particles. The water and ice transport the fragments of rock and dirt as sediment down hillsides, where it is eventually deposited. This occurs until several layers of sediment are accumulated. Plains can also form at the bases of mountains where water carries a flow of sentiments downhill to flat areas where it further spreads out to deposit the sediment in a fan shape -this is called an alluvial plain.
