Answer:
DNA vaccines consist of DNA vectors or plasmids (small double-stranded DNA rings originally derived from bacteria, but unable to cause infection) into which the genes encoding one or more immunizing proteins of the infectious agent have been inserted causing the disease to be prevented.
Explanation:
Vectors are the functional unit of naked DNA vaccines. Genes that encode the proteins of interest and are of bacterial origin are inserted into these vectors. Bacterial plasmids are circular DNA molecules that self-replicate extrachromosomally in bacteria. The genes encoded in these plasmids are under the control of promoters, almost always of viral origin. When a plasmid is introduced into the cell it translocates to the nucleus, where transcription of the transgene begins; the transcripts are then taken to the cytoplasm and translated there. The newly synthesized proteins are degraded in the proteasome to 8-10 amino acid peptides, which are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. Peptides of high affinity with their respective MHC I molecule stabilize and enter the secretory pathway, thus reaching the cell surface, where they are coupled with the T-lymphocyte receptor (TcR) present on the surface of T lymphocytes cytotoxic drugs (CD8 +) to induce their activation.
Answer:
The answer is insulin.
Explanation:
Pancreatic juice is an enzyme containing secretion produced by the pancreas into the small intestine. Enzymes in the pancreas help in digesting proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The constituent enzymes are as follows:
- Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsinogen: Precursors of the proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin that digest proteins. They are released as precursors to protect the intestinal lining. Enterokinase, an enzyme secreted by small intestine's epithelial cells, activates these precursor.
- Lipase: Enzyme that digests lipids by hydrolysing triglycerides into 2-monoglyceride and two free fatty acids.
- Amylase that helps in digesting any left over carbohydrates and complex starch.
Insulin:
Insulin can never be part of pancreatic juice because it is a hormone, not an enzyme. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted only in blood. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels by binding to insulin receptors on cells and stimulating the intake of glucose through glucose transport channels (GLUTs) in the cell membrane.
Answer:
D) Pressure from water that flows into the plant cells
Explanation:
