Answer:
The correct answer is "option a. it is likely it will pass to the offspring; option b. it is not very likely that it will pass to the offspring".
Explanation:
In order that a mutation could be passed to the offspring it is necessary that the affected DNA can be transmitted to the following generation. A single bacteria that contains a positive mutation in its DNA is likely to pass its mutation to the offspring since it multiples by binary fission. On the other hand, a skin cell most likely will not pass its mutation to the offspring since a skin cell is not involved in the organism reproduction, such as a sexual cell.
Answer:
Epigenetic marks (e.g., DNA methylation patterns) in older twins are more pronounced than in younger twins
Explanation:
Epigenetics refers to any heritable phenotypic change that does not involve alterations in the DNA sequence but impacts gene expression. Epigenetic modifications can be classified into three types: DNA methylation, histone modifications (i.e., acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, etc) and regulatory non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) pathways. Epigenetic modifications in (epi)genome enable to explain how two individuals with identical genetic material (such as monozygotic twins) can have different phenotypes. In older twins, epigenetic differentiation will be higher than in younger ones due to the divergence between epigenomes as a result of age.
Answer:
1) Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that are the same in size and shape and control the same characteristics; occur in pairs in higher animals and plants
2) Internal fertilization is a mating pattern in which the male and female come close together, the male introduces the sperm into the body of the female, and fertilization occurs. It is practiced by mammals like goat, sheep etc
3) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from male to female cones in gymnosperms, or from anther to stigma in flowering plants. It is effected by insects, birds, bats and the wind.
4) Zygote is the result of fertilization in which two gametes have fused together; often simply called a fertilized egg.
Answer:
Common sources of error include instrumental, environmental, procedural, and human. All of these errors can be either random or systematic depending on how they affect the results. Instrumental error happens when the instruments being used are inaccurate, such as a balance that does not work (SF Fig
Explanation:
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