Answer:
The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex, where activation of the vestibular system of the inner ear causes eye movement. ... It can be elicited by caloric (hot or cold) stimulation of the inner ear, and works even in total darkness or when the eyes are closed.Explanation:
Algae has various advantages as a biofuel. Some of these are as follows:
1. Algae requires very less space and use sunlight to grow.
2. The rate of multiplication is also high.
3. These are very high energy yielding microorganisms.
4. It can be grown easily on any agricultural or unagricultural land.
5. It is efficient and even environment friendly.
Answer:
In bryophytes, the sporophyte is minute and dependent on the relatively prominent and nutritionally independent gametophyte for resources. The moss gametophyte looks like a miniature herb, with tiny leaf-like photosynthetic organs. The gametophyte generation begins as a dormant spore, which germinates under appropriate conditions to produce filamentous and branching protonemal tissues. These form multicellular bud-like structures, each of which develops into a leafy shoot. The mature gametophytes produce male and female sexual organs, the antheridia and archegonia, respectively. The gametophyte is often sexually distinct, and plants are either male or female.
Each antheridium has an outer layer that encloses and protects thousands of motile sperm, which swim through available external water layer to the egg. Fertilization at the base of the cylindrical archegonium produces a diploid zygote which develops into an unbranched sporophyte. The sporophyte consists of a thin stalk attached to the gametophyte, and a capsule that encloses the sporophytic meiotic cells.
In recent years, the mosses Physcomitrella patens and Funaria hygrometrica have emerged as attractive model systems for studying gene function in non-vascular plants because of the relative ease of molecular manipulation by homologous recombination. Mutants affecting gametophyte development have been isolated and their analysis should provide insights into the molecular basis of gametophyte development in mosses.
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