B. They stole tons of gold from the Taino, and stored it for Columbus' return.
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The answer to this question is: Valid
For example, let's say that a researcher wants to study the psychology of motivation as a variable.
In this case, motivation does not possess a measurable standard that could be used as data, so the researcher could only predict thte amount of motivation through the amount of job done (but this data is reliable because motivation is only on of the many factors that may influenced it)
The end result of the Vietnam War was the reunification of the two parts of Vietnam: today North and South Vietnam are one country.
Another result was that Vietnam (and Laos) are today communist countries.
Another result was the complete withdrawal of American military forces from the region.