During inhalation, you breathe in and this contracts the diaphragm and moves downwards. This increments the chest cavity space which means the lungs are expanding. The intercostal muscles or the muscles in between the ribs also aids in the enlargement of the chest cavity. Both muscles contract to pull your rib cage upward and outward when you inhale. As your lungs expand, air is sucked through your nose and mouth. It then travels down to the windpipe and into the lungs to the bronchus, bronchioles and eventually in the alveoli where air exchange between carbon dioxide and oxygen happens.
The additional accessory muscles of respiration are typically used only under conditions that are of high metabolic demand or respiratory dysfunction. However, in instances where these muscles become stiff and hard, expansion of the rib cage can be quite restricted. The accessory muscles of respiration include sternocleidomastoid and the scalene muscles namely anterior, middle and posterior scalene. Both aid in elevating the rib cage. However, their involvement seems to depend on the degree of respiratory effort. During quiet breathing, the scalenes are consistently active at certain phases while the sternocleidomastoid is quite.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ion channels are very specific and are voltage gated channels. They are highly specific and selective for particular ions only.
Example: Some of the channels allow the flow of potassium ions but do not allow sodium ions to cross the membrane to maintain the concentration.
Some of the positive ion channels allow only the movement of positive ions and no negative ions. These channels are not always open and opens only when there is a concentration gradient.
The two processes are coupled throughout the mitochondrial inner membrane that together make up oxidative phosphorylation are: Electronic transport chain and ATP synthase.
NADH and FADH2 formed during glycolysis; fatty acid and amino acid breakdown and the citric acid cycle contain high-energy electrons.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which these molecules are oxidized by transferring their electrons to O2 and the resulting energy is used in the form of ATP synthesis.
This metabolic process is formed by a set of complex enzymes, located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which catalyze various oxidation-reduction reactions.
Oxidative phosphorylation includes two coupled mechanisms:
- Electron transport chain that the set of enzymatic complexes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane that oxidize NADH and FADH2 generating a proton gradient.
- ATP synthase that harnesses the energy of the proton gradient to produce ATP.
Both the electron transport chain and ATP synthase are embedded in the membrane, and energy is transferred from the electron transport chain to ATP synthase by the movement of protons through the membrane, in a process called chemiosmosis.
Therefore, we can conclude that oxidative phosphorylation works with two types of reactions that are coupled, the electronic transport chain that releases energy, while the other ATP synthase uses that energy to carry out its reactions.
Learn more here: brainly.com/question/7442284
Zebra- consumer
Tiger- consumer
Worm-decomposer
Tree-Producer
Molded bread- decomposer
Plant-producer
