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The “golden age” of Greece lasted for little more than a century but it laid the foundations of western civilization. The age began with the unlikely defeat of a vast Persian army by badly outnumbered Greeks and it ended with an inglorious and lengthy war between Athens and Sparta. This era is also referred to as the “Age of Pericles” after the Athenian statesman who directed the affairs of Athens when she was at the height of her glory.
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The classical heritage of Rome, the customs of various Germanic tribes and the belief of the Roman Catholic Church were the three roots of medieval culture in Western Europe.
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Monarchies are ruling organizations in which one person has supreme control over the people and government of their nation.
Oligarchies are ruling organizations in which there are a select few people in power and they mostly have control over the people and government, but it is more streamlined.
Democracies are ruling organizations in which the central government has more power than the people, which make several decisions for the people of a nation.
Federalism is the separation of state and national government's powers. One of the reasons that the Civil War occurred was over the debate of state vs. national powers.
